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      "id": "census-apportionment-population-2020",
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      "id": "ford-odell-smoke-grid-2021",
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      "id": "odell-dryad-2006-2023-mean-background",
      "title": "Spatially interpolated non-smoke and smoke PM2.5 concentrations for the US: 2006-2023 mean-background grids",
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      "id": "stanford-echo-smoke-2006-2023",
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      "title": "Annual Resident Population Estimates for Counties, 2010 to 2020",
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      "id": "stanford-echo-smoke-v1-dataverse",
      "title": "Daily local-level estimates of ambient wildfire smoke PM2.5 for the contiguous US",
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    {
      "id": "epa-aqs-daily",
      "title": "AQS Daily Data, PM2.5 parameters 88101 and 88502",
      "organization": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/airdata/download_files.html",
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      "coverage": "CONUS and DC regulatory monitor-day observations, 2006-2026; 2026 lags the operational AirNow supplement",
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      "license": "U.S. federal government data; public domain",
      "role": "Official total-PM2.5 source for the consistent 2006-2026 AQS/HMS screen. Event-included summaries are retained; daily bulk files do not expose specific RF/RT/RM fire qualifier codes",
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      "id": "epa-aqs-qualifier-codes",
      "title": "AQS Qualifier Codes",
      "organization": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/documents/codetables/qualifiers.html",
      "retrieval_url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/documents/codetables/qualifiers.csv",
      "coverage": "Current and legacy AQS qualifier definitions, including RF Canadian fire, RT U.S. wildfire, and RM prescribed fire",
      "grain": "one AQS qualifier code",
      "fields_used": ["Qualifier Code", "Qualifier Description", "Qualifier Type", "Still Active"],
      "license": "U.S. federal government data; public domain",
      "role": "Defines fire qualifier semantics. The codes are not present in the bulk daily summaries and are therefore documented but not imputed into the monitor screen",
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      "id": "epa-airnow-daily-pm25-2026-supplement",
      "title": "AirNow Daily Data File: PM2.5 24-hour site averages",
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      "coverage": "U.S. daily PM2.5-24hr monitoring sites, 2026-06-01 through 2026-07-18; preliminary operational supplement",
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      "role": "Preliminary daily PM2.5 supplement after the lagged AQS 2026 snapshot; combined with HMS only in the explicitly non-comparable operational proxy",
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      "id": "noaa-hms-smoke",
      "title": "Hazard Mapping System Smoke Polygons",
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      "url": "https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/products/land/hms.html",
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      "coverage": "Daily satellite-analyst smoke plume polygons, 2005-present; annual bundles processed for 2006-2026",
      "grain": "smoke polygon-time interval",
      "license": "U.S. federal government data; public domain",
      "role": "Smoke-presence screen for every 2006-2026 monitor-day; includes U.S. and Canadian smoke reaching the U.S. but does not identify plume origin",
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      "dashboard": true
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      "id": "noaa-ncei-isd-present-weather",
      "title": "Integrated Surface Database Global Hourly present-weather observations",
      "organization": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
      "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/integrated-surface-database",
      "retrieval_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-hourly/access/",
      "coverage": "Global hourly station observations, 1901-present; North American coverage increases sharply in the 1940s and 1970s",
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      "license": "U.S. federal government data; public domain",
      "role": "Candidate pre-2006 observation-context index using explicit smoke present-weather codes; not PM2.5 exposure and not comparable across changing station coverage",
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      "id": "mtbs-fire-occurrence",
      "title": "MTBS Fire Occurrence Points",
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      "retrieval_url": "https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/edw_resources/shp/S_USA.MTBS_FIRE_OCCURRENCE_PT.zip",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-18T18:53:00Z",
      "coverage": "Large U.S. fires, 1984-2026 current archive; 2025-2026 incomplete/provisional",
      "grain": "mapped fire occurrence",
      "fields_used": ["FIRE_ID", "FIRE_NAME", "FIRE_TYPE", "IG_DATE", "LATITUDE", "LONGITUDE", "ACRES"],
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      "role": "Source-covered normalized U.S. large-wildfire records, annual counts and acres, and non-attributive tooltip context; not smoke exposure",
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      "id": "usfs-fpa-fod-1992-2020",
      "title": "Spatial wildfire occurrence data for the United States, 1992-2020 (FPA FOD sixth edition)",
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      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-19T16:44:00Z",
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      "dashboard": true
    },
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      "id": "nifc-inform-fodr-2021-present",
      "title": "InFORM Fire Occurrence Data Records",
      "organization": "National Interagency Fire Center",
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      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T04:48:01.901296+00:00",
      "coverage": "United States public wildfire occurrence records, 2021-2026 snapshot; 565,764 retrieved records include approved and unapproved records and ongoing historical incorporation",
      "grain": "one public fire occurrence record; certification and final-report status retained",
      "fields_used": ["OBJECTID", "GlobalID", "FORID", "UniqueFireIdentifier", "FireDiscoveryDateTime", "CalendarYear", "IncidentName", "IncidentSize", "CalculatedAcres", "FinalAcres", "InitialLatitude", "InitialLongitude", "POOState", "ADSPermissionState", "FinalFireReportApprovedDate"],
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    },
    {
      "id": "epa-aqi-breakpoints",
      "title": "AQI Breakpoints",
      "organization": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "url": "https://aqs.epa.gov/aqsweb/documents/codetables/aqi_breakpoints.html",
      "coverage": "Current PM2.5 AQI breakpoints; table updated July 14, 2026",
      "role": "Defines 35.5 micrograms per cubic meter as the lower PM2.5 concentration breakpoint for AQI 101 and supplies the official category scale",
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      "title": "National Burned Area Composite annual summary",
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      "url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/ha/nfdb?type=nbac&year=9999",
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      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-18T19:14:00Z",
      "coverage": "Canada, complete annual adjusted burned area, 1972-2025; revision 20260513",
      "grain": "one Canada-wide adjusted burned-area total per fire year",
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      "title": "Canadian National Fire Database large-fire point records",
      "organization": "Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service",
      "url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/ha/nfdb",
      "retrieval_url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/downloads/nfdb/fire_pnt/current_version/NFDB_point_large_fires_txt.zip",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-19T05:07:45Z",
      "coverage": "Canadian reported large-fire point records, 1946-2025 in this release; completeness varies by agency and year",
      "grain": "one reported large-fire point record",
      "fields_used": ["NFDBFIREID", "SRC_AGENCY", "FIRE_ID", "FIRENAME", "LATITUDE", "LONGITUDE", "YEAR", "SIZE_HA", "FIRE_TYPE", "PRESCRIBED"],
      "license": "Open Government Licence - Canada",
      "local_path": "sources/nrcan-nfdb/2026-06-08/NFDB_point_large_fires_txt.zip",
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      "role": "Source-covered normalized Canadian large-fire records, annual rollup and non-attributive tooltip context; never causal attribution for U.S. smoke exposure",
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      "dashboard": false
    },
    {
      "id": "nrcan-nfdb-all-fire-points-2026-06-08",
      "title": "Canadian National Fire Database all reported fire point records",
      "organization": "Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service",
      "url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/ha/nfdb",
      "retrieval_url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/downloads/nfdb/fire_pnt/current_version/NFDB_point_txt.zip",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-19T16:44:00Z",
      "coverage": "Canada, provincial and territorial reported fire records 1950-2025 in the current archive; agency-year completeness varies and early coverage is partial",
      "grain": "one reported fire point record",
      "license": "Open Government Licence - Canada, subject to source-agency terms recorded in NFDB metadata",
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    {
      "id": "nifc-imsr-2026-07-18",
      "title": "Incident Management Situation Report",
      "organization": "National Interagency Fire Center / National Interagency Coordination Center",
      "url": "https://www.nifc.gov/nicc/incident-information/imsr",
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      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T03:47:39Z",
      "coverage": "United States, 2026 year-to-date through 2026-07-18",
      "grain": "national YTD snapshot",
      "fields_used": ["Fires and Acres Year-to-Date", "TOTAL FIRES", "TOTAL ACRES"],
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      "local_path": "sources/nifc/2026/incident_management_situation_report_2026-07-18.pdf",
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      "role": "Current 2026 U.S. fire count and acres-burned context; preliminary and not spliced into MTBS history",
      "comparable": false,
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    {
      "id": "nrcan-cwfif-reported-fire-stats-2026-07-18",
      "title": "Reported Fire Statistics by Response Type",
      "organization": "Natural Resources Canada",
      "url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/",
      "retrieval_url": "https://api.cwfif.nrcan.gc.ca/reported-fire-stats/ytd/by-response-type?date=2026-07-18",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T03:47:39Z",
      "coverage": "Canada, 2026 year-to-date through 2026-07-18",
      "grain": "national YTD snapshot",
      "fields_used": ["date", "fire_count.total", "area_burned.total", "units.area_burned"],
      "license": "Open Government Licence - Canada",
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      "role": "Current 2026 Canadian fire count and area-burned context; preliminary and not spliced into NBAC history",
      "comparable": false,
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    {
      "id": "cwfis",
      "title": "Canadian Wildland Fire Information System",
      "organization": "Natural Resources Canada",
      "url": "https://cwfis.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/",
      "coverage": "Canadian active fires, fire weather, and smoke products",
      "role": "Canadian fire context and future attribution validation",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "usa-today-2026-wildfire-graphs",
      "title": "We charted every wildfire since 1984. There's been a drastic increase",
      "organization": "USA Today",
      "url": "https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2026/07/16/wildfires-data-damage-historical-graphs/90861203007/",
      "coverage": "Published July 2026; MTBS-based historical fire context",
      "role": "Inspiration and journalistic context; MTBS controls reproduced values",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "great-smoke-pall-1950",
      "title": "The Great Smoke Pall - September 24-30, 1950",
      "organization": "U.S. Weather Bureau / Weatherwise",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1950.9927067",
      "coverage": "Documented September 1950 transboundary smoke episode",
      "role": "Pre-instrumental historical episode context only",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "nasa-quebec-smoke-2002",
      "title": "Smoke from Canadian Fires Blankets Eastern U.S.",
      "organization": "NASA Earth Observatory",
      "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/smoke-from-canadian-fires-blankets-eastern-us-2596/",
      "coverage": "July 2002 Quebec wildfire-smoke episode",
      "role": "Pre-2006 documented U.S. air-quality episode context only",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "ben-noll-2026-07-18",
      "title": "What's with all the smoke the last few years?",
      "organization": "Ben Noll",
      "url": "https://x.com/BenNollWeather/status/2078451048486961519",
      "coverage": "Published July 18, 2026",
      "role": "Event/context lead; underlying Canadian fire and temperature datasets must control any reused values",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "washington-post-2026-07-18",
      "title": "Thick wildfire smoke lingers over Mid-Atlantic early Saturday",
      "organization": "The Washington Post",
      "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2026/07/18/thick-wildfire-smoke-lingers-over-mid-atlantic-early-saturday/",
      "coverage": "Published July 18, 2026",
      "role": "Documented 2026 episode and lead to operational NOAA/EPA products",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "robert-rohde-2026-07-18",
      "title": "CWFIS active fires and estimated smoke for July 18",
      "organization": "Robert Rohde",
      "url": "https://x.com/RARohde/status/2078548604969447552",
      "coverage": "Published July 18, 2026",
      "role": "Event-attribution lead for Ontario/northwestern Canadian fires; CWFIS controls measurements",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "berkeley-earth-cigarette-equivalence",
      "title": "Air Pollution and Cigarette Equivalence",
      "organization": "Berkeley Earth",
      "url": "https://berkeleyearth.org/air-pollution-and-cigarette-equivalence/",
      "coverage": "Published 2015; rough PM2.5 health-impact analogy",
      "role": "Hover-card context only; supplies the approximate 22 micrograms per cubic meter for one day per cigarette-equivalent rule",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "iqair-world-air-quality-report-2025",
      "title": "2025 World Air Quality Report",
      "organization": "IQAir",
      "url": "https://www.iqair.com/newsroom/waqr-2025-pr",
      "coverage": "Calendar 2025 city-level annual PM2.5; released March 24, 2026",
      "role": "Hover-card context only; supplies Loni, India annual average PM2.5 of 112.5 micrograms per cubic meter",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "aqli-methodology",
      "title": "Air Quality Life Index Methodology",
      "organization": "Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago",
      "url": "https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/about/methodology",
      "coverage": "Long-term PM2.5 exposure and life-expectancy methodology",
      "role": "Hover-card context only; supplies the 0.98 life-years per sustained additional 10 micrograms per cubic meter relationship",
      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": true
    },
    {
      "id": "historical-smoke-events-v1",
      "title": "Documented U.S. wildfire-smoke events, 1950-2005",
      "organization": "Smoke Exposure project",
      "url": "https://github.com/DanielSinclair/smoke-exposure/tree/main/sources/historical-smoke-evidence/v1",
      "retrieval_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DanielSinclair/smoke-exposure/main/sources/historical-smoke-evidence/v1/events.csv",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T19:00:00Z",
      "coverage": "19 accepted documentary U.S. wildfire-smoke episodes from 1950 through 2005; intentionally non-exhaustive",
      "grain": "one interpreted and reviewed smoke episode",
      "fields_used": ["event_id", "start_date", "end_date", "origin_country", "impacted_us_states", "evidence_level", "attribution_confidence", "primary_source_ids"],
      "license": "Project-authored factual compilation under repository MIT license; original sources retain their own terms",
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      "role": "Controlling pre-2006 documentary event table; never a complete incidence census or comparable PM2.5 series",
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    },
    {
      "id": "historical-smoke-observations-v1",
      "title": "Observation evidence for documented U.S. wildfire-smoke events",
      "organization": "Smoke Exposure project",
      "url": "https://github.com/DanielSinclair/smoke-exposure/tree/main/sources/historical-smoke-evidence/v1",
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      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T19:00:00Z",
      "coverage": "27 government-source observation records supporting the accepted 1950-2005 event catalog",
      "grain": "one source-specific observation or evidentiary statement",
      "license": "Project-authored factual compilation under repository MIT license; original sources retain their own terms",
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      "role": "Traceable evidence behind each interpreted historical event",
      "comparable": false,
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    },
    {
      "id": "historical-smoke-source-citations-v1",
      "title": "Source citations for documented U.S. wildfire-smoke events",
      "organization": "Smoke Exposure project",
      "url": "https://github.com/DanielSinclair/smoke-exposure/tree/main/sources/historical-smoke-evidence/v1",
      "retrieval_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DanielSinclair/smoke-exposure/main/sources/historical-smoke-evidence/v1/sources.csv",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T19:00:00Z",
      "coverage": "27 authoritative government or published source records used by the historical evidence catalog",
      "grain": "one cited source",
      "license": "Project-authored factual citation index under repository MIT license; original sources retain their own terms",
      "local_path": "sources/historical-smoke-evidence/v1/sources.csv",
      "bytes": 7776,
      "sha256": "40f44c45457d34fb1dda89f6df6fd10b5a7ff075b4e72d4ad109eabda97f0767",
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      "comparable": false,
      "dashboard": false
    },
    {
      "id": "noaa-storm-events-details-1950-2005",
      "title": "NOAA Storm Events annual detail files",
      "organization": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
      "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/",
      "retrieval_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-07-20T19:00:52.193470+00:00",
      "coverage": "Annual detail files 1950-2005; Wildfire is present as an event type only from 1996 in these files",
      "grain": "one NOAA Storm Events record",
      "fields_used": ["EVENT_ID", "YEAR", "BEGIN_DATE_TIME", "END_DATE_TIME", "STATE", "CZ_NAME", "EVENT_TYPE", "EPISODE_NARRATIVE", "EVENT_NARRATIVE"],
      "license": "U.S. federal government data; public domain",
      "receipt_path": "sources/noaa-storm-events/1950-2005/receipt.json",
      "bytes": 87416356,
      "role": "Deterministic wildfire-incident candidate and narrative smoke-keyword screen; changing event types and narrative practices prevent a complete smoke series",
      "comparable": false,
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  ],
  "research_papers": [
    {
      "id": "childs-et-al-2022",
      "title": "Daily Local-Level Estimates of Ambient Wildfire Smoke PM2.5 for the Contiguous US",
      "citation": "Childs, M. L., et al. Environmental Science & Technology 56, 13607-13621 (2022).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02934",
      "download_url": "https://web.stanford.edu/~mburke/papers/ChildsEtAl2022_smoke.pdf",
      "status": "peer reviewed",
      "role": "Published method for the Stanford v1 daily 10 km and local-area wildfire-smoke PM2.5 estimates."
    },
    {
      "id": "childs-et-al-2025-preprint",
      "title": "Growing wildfire-derived PM2.5 across the contiguous U.S. and implications for air quality regulation",
      "citation": "Childs, M. L., et al. EarthArXiv preprint, revised August 18, 2025.",
      "url": "https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/8187/",
      "download_url": "https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/8187/download/18495/",
      "status": "preprint; not peer reviewed",
      "role": "Method paper identified by Stanford for the v2.0 beta dataset that controls this report's 2006-2023 estimates."
    },
    {
      "id": "odell-et-al-2019",
      "title": "Contribution of Wildland-Fire Smoke to US PM2.5 and Its Influence on Recent Trends",
      "citation": "O'Dell, K., Ford, B., Fischer, E. V. & Pierce, J. R. Environmental Science & Technology 53, 1797-1804 (2019).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05430",
      "status": "peer reviewed",
      "role": "Published monitor-plus-satellite interpolation method underlying the independent O'Dell/Ford smoke grids."
    },
    {
      "id": "burke-et-al-2023",
      "title": "The contribution of wildfire to PM2.5 trends in the USA",
      "citation": "Burke, M., et al. Nature 622, 761-766 (2023).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06522-6",
      "status": "peer reviewed",
      "role": "National 2000-2022 research context for wildfire smoke's effect on U.S. PM2.5 trends."
    },
    {
      "id": "volckens-2024",
      "title": "Summertime Trends in U.S. Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution (PM2.5) from Wildfire Smoke",
      "citation": "Volckens, J. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 11, 1182-1186 (2024).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00770",
      "download_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00770?ref=article_openPDF",
      "status": "peer reviewed; open access",
      "role": "Independent 2000-2023 monitor and satellite-plume analysis of population exposure and high-PM2.5 smoke events."
    },
    {
      "id": "zhang-et-al-2025",
      "title": "Long-range PM2.5 pollution and health impacts from the 2023 Canadian wildfires",
      "citation": "Zhang, Q., et al. Nature (2025).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09482-1",
      "download_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09482-1.pdf",
      "status": "peer reviewed; open access",
      "role": "Transboundary attribution and U.S. population-exposure context for Canadian wildfire smoke in 2023."
    },
    {
      "id": "jaffe-et-al-2026",
      "title": "Health and Regulatory Impacts of PM2.5 From Wildland Fires for 2019-2024 in the US",
      "citation": "Jaffe, D. A., et al. GeoHealth 10 (2026).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GH001576",
      "download_url": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2025GH001576",
      "status": "peer reviewed; open access",
      "role": "Latest published national monitor and satellite-smoke analysis extending research context through 2024."
    },
    {
      "id": "weather-bureau-1950",
      "title": "The Great Smoke Pall - September 24-30, 1950",
      "citation": "U.S. Weather Bureau. Weatherwise 3, 129-130 (1950).",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1950.9927067",
      "status": "published historical report",
      "role": "Primary published documentation for the 1950 transboundary episode; contextual, not comparable PM2.5 exposure data."
    }
  ],
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      "bytes": 3580,
      "sha256": "6ad69d671564b34d227315b1283fc69b4e3c833fcf81d3d6121f9537499e7d71",
      "role": "Curated trace of supplied 2026 article and social-post event leads"
    },
    {
      "id": "usa-today-annual-chart-values",
      "local_path": "sources/usa-today/annual_acres_1984_2024.csv",
      "bytes": 549,
      "sha256": "b44da1571b1c51fae2060b0fc2903de62cbef2eb09d4da29932fef51b8d1f438",
      "role": "Values preserved from the supplied USA Today annual MTBS graphic; official MTBS controls the pipeline"
    },
    {
      "id": "usa-today-seasonal-chart-values",
      "local_path": "sources/usa-today/seasonal_average_acres.csv",
      "bytes": 138,
      "sha256": "1e0a0a30fc9481c08c17eb74eb9f5f8ac34f8b619b90b385b1e36ddc20c3ba96",
      "role": "Values preserved from the supplied USA Today seasonal graphic; official MTBS controls the pipeline"
    }
  ]
}